tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69952780724766643672024-03-18T21:46:05.943-07:00Museo Del WebUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-30696536364460354211977-09-25T03:50:00.001-07:002020-05-01T01:15:19.924-07:00Bulletin Board System<strong>1977</strong>: <strong>Ward Christensen</strong> e <strong>Randy Suess</strong>, due studenti dell’ Università di Chicago, scrivono il programma <strong>MODEM.ASM</strong>, che permette il trasferimento di file tra i loro computer.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBt2omLC06npVnpn6aiQCjixoLTCy8NRehhagCTHvHxzwQ1_xw_V3CkwdGor6rc22Wmah4HyLjY2Z_op3yswVLAdXF-fusBGUbGfC0arPFnwk1syWu-SwIp3opdqoX0wfJMqmXxecH3zLa/s1600/Koala_Country_BBS_Main_Menu+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="412" height="556" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBt2omLC06npVnpn6aiQCjixoLTCy8NRehhagCTHvHxzwQ1_xw_V3CkwdGor6rc22Wmah4HyLjY2Z_op3yswVLAdXF-fusBGUbGfC0arPFnwk1syWu-SwIp3opdqoX0wfJMqmXxecH3zLa/s640/Koala_Country_BBS_Main_Menu+%25281%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>1978</strong>: Ward Christensen e Randy Suess inventano il <strong>BBS</strong> un sistema di messaggistica che consentiva al pc di trasmettere e archiviare messaggi, con il sistema BBcode, grazie al quale utenti esterni potevano connettersi da esso attraverso la linea telefonica, creando così per la prima volta funzioni di messaggistica e di file sharing.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNkRAe9Fz2x1hsuHziEQKkkicbhhZEBQ9cAV_d121zIQKqwlVr4a_GZ7ou7Yq_flvDaXqBuwCOcLcab_Ak-NtDnGUnWTZucYFRu5v3nihRmg-KGw0q2c0gyG93KKk2AonCJMgq1QgJpq21/s1600/bbs.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="720" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNkRAe9Fz2x1hsuHziEQKkkicbhhZEBQ9cAV_d121zIQKqwlVr4a_GZ7ou7Yq_flvDaXqBuwCOcLcab_Ak-NtDnGUnWTZucYFRu5v3nihRmg-KGw0q2c0gyG93KKk2AonCJMgq1QgJpq21/s640/bbs.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
Entrambi i programmi sono stati poi distribuiti dai loro creatori, in forma open source, forma molto comune per l’epoca.<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://rcm-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=artigianidelw-21&o=29&p=8&l=as1&asins=1249460751&ref=tf_til&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=FF4800&bc1=FFFFFF&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe><br />
<br />
I BBS presero piede in <em>forma amatoriale</em>, gestiti da utenti privati conessi tramite linea telefonica (part-time, solo di notte, full time connessi 24 ore su 24 o addirittura con più linee telefoniche) chiamati in gergo <strong>SysOp</strong> (o sysop), cher stava per “System Operator”, quindi l’amministratore di un sistema informatico multi-utente della comunità virtuale.<br />
<strong>FidoNet</strong>: nel <strong>1984</strong> grazie all’informatico statunitense <strong>Tom Jenning</strong> naque <em>FidoNet,</em> collegando la sua BBS a quella di John Madill.<br />In pochi mesi arrivò a 50 nodi sino ad arrivare a 160 l’anno successivo, per arrivare nel 1991 a circa 100 mila utenze nel mondo.<br />Per una BBS, in genere si utilizzavano computer IBM con OS PC <strong>DOS 2.</strong>0.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_159" style="width: 794px;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxIISnswFdBLEve-ZFseVF_x1RY_LTyPeQVON7-2VejkCN06J6YNpzpohGKeaQMA4s1ishB38dSNyQModPN5V_pCUeasAt3UymqiegsbDNQMP2koShPtTB_sefkIgt7NIH_gpGMWHLU3mR/s1600/Neon2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="784" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxIISnswFdBLEve-ZFseVF_x1RY_LTyPeQVON7-2VejkCN06J6YNpzpohGKeaQMA4s1ishB38dSNyQModPN5V_pCUeasAt3UymqiegsbDNQMP2koShPtTB_sefkIgt7NIH_gpGMWHLU3mR/s640/Neon2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-159">
Fidonet</div>
</div>
Nella prima versione di FidoNet l’area pubblica di messaggi fu battezzata “anarchia”, segno che il sistema era fatto in forma privata e senza regolamentazione. Questo portò infatti anche a dei risvolti penali: nel 1994 famoso infatti è l’episodio “<em><strong>Italian Crackdown</strong></em>” o “<em><strong>Fidobust</strong></em>“, ovvero un operazione della Guardia di Finanza che sequestrò contemporaneamente 2000 BBS in Itala, per sospetti di frode: infatti alcuni dei BBS erano utilizzati per lo scambio di software pirata. Questo episodio portò la comunità italiana di Fidobs ad un crollo di utenze, anche in associazione della crescita e diffusione di internet.<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://rcm-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=artigianidelw-21&o=29&p=8&l=as1&asins=B016T9MC5G&ref=tf_til&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=FF4800&bc1=FFFFFF&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_160" style="width: 422px;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-160">
Koala_Country_BBS – Di Warrenlead (Opera propria) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], attraverso Wikimedia Commons</div>
</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_161" style="width: 412px;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhknvRTV8rnZgg0zwBWairOq5QA8TWQqH9LQs55hgaN08kHcR9HSgnaEyuClpba4dyI3TUE3dSOarSUwesfYvMGliYrfJMW1Vz6FY2RrkwlI9NpKwL9UuC9zqOBWl6prUl7ks55MTsaAb_w/s1600/Koala_Country_BBS_Login.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="402" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhknvRTV8rnZgg0zwBWairOq5QA8TWQqH9LQs55hgaN08kHcR9HSgnaEyuClpba4dyI3TUE3dSOarSUwesfYvMGliYrfJMW1Vz6FY2RrkwlI9NpKwL9UuC9zqOBWl6prUl7ks55MTsaAb_w/s640/Koala_Country_BBS_Login.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-161">
Koala Country BBS Login – foto di Warren Leadbeatter</div>
</div>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://rcm-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=artigianidelw-21&o=29&p=8&l=as1&asins=B005ESG1GK&ref=tf_til&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=FF4800&bc1=FFFFFF&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-55013248038738312611976-08-25T03:34:00.001-07:002020-05-01T01:11:35.803-07:00Cray-1<strong>1976</strong>: grazie a<strong> Seymour Cray</strong>, per conto di Cray Research al Los Alamos National Laboratory, nasce il Il <strong>Cray-1</strong>, un supercomputer diventuo molto famoso, più compatto e veloce rispetto ai precedenti supercomputer. La sua velocità e potenza attraggono vari ricercatori, i quali vogliono accedervi tramite le reti.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijNaABhNXxIM3nqKzec2c0Qij4SCxPvVKBE5ZFLmGjOvNtKhPbgNLto1d-2vomLFr7HT7tF2js8haVUk6K5B8IFp440jWiT-gNEUmUy_BCyqSzwTkL055CHLTtxKqr9Y6g6-wT_ll6ite2/s1600/Cray-1-b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijNaABhNXxIM3nqKzec2c0Qij4SCxPvVKBE5ZFLmGjOvNtKhPbgNLto1d-2vomLFr7HT7tF2js8haVUk6K5B8IFp440jWiT-gNEUmUy_BCyqSzwTkL055CHLTtxKqr9Y6g6-wT_ll6ite2/s640/Cray-1-b.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_151" style="width: 778px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
Cray-1 – By Rama (Own work) [CeCILL (http://www.cecill.info/licences/Licence_CeCILL_V2-en.html) or CC BY-SA 2.0 fr (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/fr/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons</div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFzbJ7NTTZp2yXWkpm5icJlfmTaFnXpjxysYMc6pERLlglKqVcPxU9BzdBPg0R8V7FLIi_noN_JfKEj49BY9WI4foVuJcjGx6W70AbtjKd8G-M6GuotBlc2mqfJ7dcwq1WjiQev5wtpw91/s1600/Cray-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFzbJ7NTTZp2yXWkpm5icJlfmTaFnXpjxysYMc6pERLlglKqVcPxU9BzdBPg0R8V7FLIi_noN_JfKEj49BY9WI4foVuJcjGx6W70AbtjKd8G-M6GuotBlc2mqfJ7dcwq1WjiQev5wtpw91/s640/Cray-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-151">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-24371534943795898751973-08-25T02:41:00.001-07:002020-05-01T01:07:19.391-07:00Ethernet<strong>1973</strong>: <strong>Robert Metcalfe</strong> (e il suo assistente David Boggs) lavora allo <strong>Xerox PARC</strong> ed inventa lo standard Etherne, uno standard di connessione di rete, sia per reti locali (<strong>LAN – local area network</strong>) sia per reti metropolitane (<strong>MAN – <b>metropolitan area network</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></strong>).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqsIpvxEdNTpm6rLlARAIS9wyTGb2Pf8njh6sRQeSatNgXD37Eg7Ew-jEG9pHHARZh_gFl2yXF8wTK5vD-nrwKpl8ztfwWsQ5KwWBm-2WgHDvJa_GY9UIgVNiE999DS3xdJrBrR5RdKvoK/s1600/ethernet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="600" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqsIpvxEdNTpm6rLlARAIS9wyTGb2Pf8njh6sRQeSatNgXD37Eg7Ew-jEG9pHHARZh_gFl2yXF8wTK5vD-nrwKpl8ztfwWsQ5KwWBm-2WgHDvJa_GY9UIgVNiE999DS3xdJrBrR5RdKvoK/s320/ethernet.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
“On May 22, 1973, using my Selectric typewriter … I wrote … “Ether Acquisition” … heavy with handwritten annotations — one of which was “ETHER!” — and with hand-drawn diagrams — one of which showed `boosters´ interconnecting branched cable, telephone, and ratio ethers in what we now call an internet…. If Ethernet was invented in any one memo, by any one person, or on any one day, this was it.”<br />
Robert M. Metcalfe, “How Ethernet Was Invented”, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 16, No. 4, Winter 1994, p. 84.<br />
</blockquote>
Questo standard fu poi montanto sul modello di computer Xerox Alto, fra l’altro il primo computer a montare, oltre la tecnologia ethernet, ad utilizzare la La<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>metafora della scrivania</b>, o<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>metafora del desktop</b>, e rappresentava l’avanguardia <span class="Apple-converted-space"> per lo studio della “<b>interazione uomo-computer</b>” (inteso come ergonomia, desgin, UI etc). Non fu mai messo in commercio ma prodotto in 2000 esemplari e sovente donato alle università per la sua sperimentazione di utilizzo. </span><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_147" style="width: 778px;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfEwSwFwhe7H7Zwxer7GOqA-DD_mnSBK3vtmTABssEcw-8i4lHhBD43nqlvpl-Osu4cfHwLAWhCR2zrbjco8wDM-2F4ILTVRr1yYWUnSOGBDAEk7zd2orZDC-7s5k6FWBsFowqtSYcmHh/s1600/Xerox_Alto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfEwSwFwhe7H7Zwxer7GOqA-DD_mnSBK3vtmTABssEcw-8i4lHhBD43nqlvpl-Osu4cfHwLAWhCR2zrbjco8wDM-2F4ILTVRr1yYWUnSOGBDAEk7zd2orZDC-7s5k6FWBsFowqtSYcmHh/s640/Xerox_Alto.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-147">
Xerox Alto</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
Dopo l’impresa di <strong>Robert Metcalfe</strong> diverse aziende, come Xerox, Intel e Digital Equipment si interessarono al progetto e nel 1978 si creò così lo standard 802.3 e nel 1980 venne rilasciato il primo standard Ethernet.<br />
Nel 1979<strong> Robert Metcalfe</strong> lascia Xerox per fondare l’azienda <strong>3Com</strong>, che si occupa principalmente di LAN.<br />
Nel 1980 Ethernet fù quindi lanciato in commercio. Nel corso del tempo, Ethernet ha ampiamente sostituito tecnologie concorrenti di LAN cablate quali token ring, FDDI e ARCNET.<br />
Gli standard di Ethernet comprendono cablaggi, segnali etc. L’originale 10BASE5 Ethernet utilizzava un cavo coassiale come un mezzo condiviso, mentre le varianti più recenti utilizzano Ethernet Twisted Pair e collegamenti in fibra ottica in collaborazione con hub o switch.<br />
La velocità di trasferimento inzialmente erano di circa tre megabit al secondo (Mbit / s) – mentre oggi ci si attesta sui 100 gigabit per secondo (Gbit / s).<br />
I sistemi di comunicazione su Ethernet dividono un flusso di dati in parti più brevi chiamate frame. Ogni frame contiene indirizzi di sorgente e destinazione e controllo degli errori in modo che i dati danneggiati possono essere rilevati e ri-trasmessi.<br />
Oggi l’alternativa principale per le LAN non è uno standard cablato, ma una LAN wireless standardizzata chiamata IEEE 802.11: ovvero, il Wi-Fi.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-7395810310184015321971-08-24T01:25:00.001-07:002020-05-01T01:06:17.206-07:00E-mail<strong>1971:</strong> <strong>Ray Tomlinson</strong> installa su <strong>ARPANET</strong> un sistema in grado di scambiare messaggi fra le varie università.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-PY1A8X4CgLlCCHNn1lVB5SMMf2To4NW4wiUW0jDvbXl5oo5GscXyLnaqIpTW3wGB-sC4olDgSP6BnDCJJYcCH9PLPqcEQ_cLgDwqAcbk9_ZgmhTkh_hPSJvum1xXdUonkaFx5JIVQO_/s1600/tomlinson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="416" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-PY1A8X4CgLlCCHNn1lVB5SMMf2To4NW4wiUW0jDvbXl5oo5GscXyLnaqIpTW3wGB-sC4olDgSP6BnDCJJYcCH9PLPqcEQ_cLgDwqAcbk9_ZgmhTkh_hPSJvum1xXdUonkaFx5JIVQO_/s320/tomlinson.jpg" width="221" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ray Tomlinson stava sperimentando un popolare programma ha scritto chiamato SNDMSG che i programmatori e ricercatori ARPANET usavano sui computer di rete (Digital PDP-10s). <strong>SNDMSG</strong> era un programma “locale”: si potevano lasciare solamente messaggi sul computer che si sta utilizzando per le altre persone che utilizzavano lo stesso computer. Tomlinson ha utilizzato un protocollo di trasferimento file chiamato <strong>CYPNET</strong> per adattare il programma SNDMSG in modo che potesse inviare messaggi elettronici a qualsiasi computer della rete ARPANET.<br />
<strong>Il simbolo @</strong><br />
Ray Tomlinson ha scelto il simbolo @ per didentificare un utente e un computer. Il simbolo @ si doveva metter infatti fra il nome di login dell’utente e fra il nome identificativo del suo computer.<br /><strong>La prima e-mail</strong><br />
Secondo la leggenda, il primo messaggio di posta elettronica è stato “QWERTYUIOP”. IN realtà il programmatore affermà di non ricordare esattamente il testo in quando privo di senso.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-23213820576611319991970-08-24T01:19:00.001-07:002020-05-01T01:03:21.022-07:00PDP-11la <em>Digital Equipment Corporation</em> (<strong>DEC</strong>) annuncia l’Unibus per i suoi minicomputer <strong>PDP-11</strong> per permettere l’aggiunta e l’integrazione di una miriade di computer-cards per la strumentazione e le comunicazioni.<br />
Proprio su un PDP-11 che Dennis Ritchie fece girare il primo programma scritto in C.<br />
La sua struttura ha ispirato concezione del microprocessore intel 8008.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-I6pimI9H8AhtdORNABhmwBhJYaoiVmNI5ELVD9QEb_Ba6_6MHFglYAe9AIUKpeX03UD7Cw9DsO43ZzLyZkgQD6wyGDBjffbIC5oPHugPTx_0X_8sDjcQdgUeg9zMPocubeFiDHNFmvjl/s1600/Pdp-11-40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-I6pimI9H8AhtdORNABhmwBhJYaoiVmNI5ELVD9QEb_Ba6_6MHFglYAe9AIUKpeX03UD7Cw9DsO43ZzLyZkgQD6wyGDBjffbIC5oPHugPTx_0X_8sDjcQdgUeg9zMPocubeFiDHNFmvjl/s640/Pdp-11-40.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-24524514262915504641970-07-30T00:01:00.000-07:002020-05-01T13:57:53.027-07:00ARPANET<b>ARPANET</b><br />
(Acrononimo di <strong>Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork</strong>) era una rete di computer studiata e realizzata nel <strong>1969</strong> dal <strong>DARPA</strong> (Agenzia del <strong>Dipartimento della Difesa degli Stati Uniti</strong> responsabile per lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie ad uso militare) pensata per essere utilizzata durante la guerra fredda, in <em>collaborazione</em> anche con alcune <strong>università americane</strong>, e avente lo scopo di costruire una rete di comunicazione militare in caso di un attacco nucleare (idea di cui era già stato incaricato Paul baran adl MIT ).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9sLa4aax-4_hzGYZdLnZG7kLXv2vA4WOPYqUQV3hH95a-TZHpmLTTS9o9r3TOM42dWDb8YNrzQuEiOt1kadOFgDCZBTSG_X5STO84OgGmzU8i1NrI-fz_g_Ha7XXnEPgFfegh7kwEPmSp/s1600/Arpanet_logical_map_march_1977.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1000" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9sLa4aax-4_hzGYZdLnZG7kLXv2vA4WOPYqUQV3hH95a-TZHpmLTTS9o9r3TOM42dWDb8YNrzQuEiOt1kadOFgDCZBTSG_X5STO84OgGmzU8i1NrI-fz_g_Ha7XXnEPgFfegh7kwEPmSp/s640/Arpanet_logical_map_march_1977.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_87" style="width: 1010px;">
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-87">
By ARPANET [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
ARPAnet è importante perchè <em>antesignano illustre</em>: da questa infatti si sviluppò <strong>Internet</strong>. Dal 1974, con lo standard di trasmissione TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), il progetto della rete prese ad essere denominato Internet, per poi passare di dominio pubblico nel 1983 quando la parte “governativa” si staccò diventando <strong>MILNET</strong>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>1969</strong>: Il <strong>Network Working Group </strong>(<strong>NCP</strong>), un gruppo di lavoro di ricercatori tra cui <strong>Bob Kahan</strong>, elabora un sistema che permetta la comunicazione tramite <strong>IMP</strong> (<strong>Interface Message Processor</strong>).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQPNgRaH_Gf8AvSLo5StBjtRt__ST-9JhgTVV0Fr2GsbT-q_tgVQip-c6QS6lLDRhGXCs0ZzJHKwH3IWIevgabSpznUkCD4yuDKPQHIUlutYwzMXPJ8dE4gCZF0X8pyJJDOMGPvkkaqSmF/s1600/arpanet-deployent-team.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="624" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQPNgRaH_Gf8AvSLo5StBjtRt__ST-9JhgTVV0Fr2GsbT-q_tgVQip-c6QS6lLDRhGXCs0ZzJHKwH3IWIevgabSpznUkCD4yuDKPQHIUlutYwzMXPJ8dE4gCZF0X8pyJJDOMGPvkkaqSmF/s640/arpanet-deployent-team.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_126" style="width: 634px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-126">
Da destra a sinistra: Truett Thatch, Bill Bartell, Dave Walden, Gim Geisman, Bob Kahn, Frank Heart, Ben Barker, Marty Thrope, Will Crowther e Severo Ornstein.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcrxmDTK7D9YnxYRy-3pC3CCzDUeeU3hiZqA1pG_zmxIx9zSlY6cpS1C7J2n5uIkSJFqac9cFTuMMXKzygSQvIoxeiZ_lDftmGCc0qyYQUzgihZcFfBTZVWPsFPo3oBlX1s6Dr-caDfUFf/s1600/impguys-crouching.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="488" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcrxmDTK7D9YnxYRy-3pC3CCzDUeeU3hiZqA1pG_zmxIx9zSlY6cpS1C7J2n5uIkSJFqac9cFTuMMXKzygSQvIoxeiZ_lDftmGCc0qyYQUzgihZcFfBTZVWPsFPo3oBlX1s6Dr-caDfUFf/s640/impguys-crouching.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>1969</strong>: Questo è il log del primo messaggio di Arpanet, il <strong>29 ottobre 1969 alle 22:30</strong>, estratto dall’ ” IMP Log” tenuto presso la UCLA.<br />
Il professor <strong>Leonard Kleinrock</strong> stava supervisionando il suo allievo <strong>Charley Kline</strong> per trasmettere tramite l’<strong>IMP</strong> dalla università dello UCLA (con l’SDS Sigma 7) a quella dello Stanford Research Institute (SRI) dove c’era un altro programmatore, <strong>Bill Duvall</strong> (Con un computer SDS 940).<br />
La trasmissione doveva essere “login ” UCLA a SRI. Sono riusciti a trasmettere soltanto la “l” e la “o” e poi il sistema è andato in crash.<br />
Quindi, il primo messaggio su Internet è stato “<strong>lo</strong>“. Solo un ora successiva sono stati in grado di effettuare la connessione.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6AwqyuGya8hRI2e-FMAZZKQOhW7yzfUSWsYqc4yHPj6P5CZGyxvEwGOYAfBLgVKPJXtB3c2d4NL5zj3WXvcRLxdjnh01rfoubpFcso_G-5TECT9jNuCeMI6DoibpX42O9npdX8HIqvFkn/s1600/1024px-The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_6293913865.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="1024" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6AwqyuGya8hRI2e-FMAZZKQOhW7yzfUSWsYqc4yHPj6P5CZGyxvEwGOYAfBLgVKPJXtB3c2d4NL5zj3WXvcRLxdjnh01rfoubpFcso_G-5TECT9jNuCeMI6DoibpX42O9npdX8HIqvFkn/s640/1024px-The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_6293913865.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_124" style="width: 1034px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-124">
First IMP log – Di Andrew “FastLizard4” Adams from United States [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], attraverso Wikimedia Commons<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBAsyMSxdG7yOXxzBmKgMYYszszEQuJzlXQpa1AmkayyV0oOZV4v1yrIKQeiKpZbVH-R9AqqSJX-JSrEOVhfLGECXto7Kaq_ujkGfRPip7O6N846E4HZnjCVQY_mixoVfEpUPg_0OxfUNU/s1600/ARPANET_first_router_2-1-495x1024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="495" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBAsyMSxdG7yOXxzBmKgMYYszszEQuJzlXQpa1AmkayyV0oOZV4v1yrIKQeiKpZbVH-R9AqqSJX-JSrEOVhfLGECXto7Kaq_ujkGfRPip7O6N846E4HZnjCVQY_mixoVfEpUPg_0OxfUNU/s640/ARPANET_first_router_2-1-495x1024.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_86" style="width: 505px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-86">
IMP – By Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons</div>
</div>
<strong>1969 – 1970</strong><br />
Il Network Working Group (NWG) porta a termine il <em>Network Control Protocol</em> (NCP), un protocollo Host-to-Host di ARPANET; questa si collega anche ad altri network, PRNET e SATNET e nasce anche il protocollo <strong>FTP</strong> (<em>File Transfer Protocol</em>).<br />
A dicembre vengono installati con successo i primi quattro computer in rete.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92iWcg3gtvdRd3F5e7OfzbHOqWXEDxEAJDaiPWoNIVoiHnyU4Z_4TOKQ1y_4CTTjnQD-OIj8LjnMtnc-I35WvyjQLtlsgHEuJVQHX6LhvszXu_uu9hzYizucSkLoaudXK03sS67Ra7ox9/s1600/Arpanet-1969.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="880" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92iWcg3gtvdRd3F5e7OfzbHOqWXEDxEAJDaiPWoNIVoiHnyU4Z_4TOKQ1y_4CTTjnQD-OIj8LjnMtnc-I35WvyjQLtlsgHEuJVQHX6LhvszXu_uu9hzYizucSkLoaudXK03sS67Ra7ox9/s640/Arpanet-1969.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_106" style="width: 890px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-106">
ARPAnet nel 1969</div>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>Elenco dei primi 4 nodi ci connessione ad ARPAnet</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Nodo 1: <strong>University of California, Los Angeles</strong> (<strong>UCLA</strong>) (Inizio: fra il 30 Agosto ed il 2 Settembre 1969)<br />
Computer: SDS SIGMA 7</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Nodo 2: <strong>Stanford Research Institute</strong> (<strong>SRI</strong>) (1 Ottobre 1969)<br />
Computer: SDS940/Genie</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Nodo 3: <strong>University of California Santa Barbara</strong> (<strong>UCSB</strong>) (1 Novembre 1969)<br />
Computer: IBM 360/75, OS/MVT</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Nodo 4: <strong>University of Utah</strong> (Dicembre 1969)<br />
Computer: DEC PDP-10, Tenex</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
La tecnica nota come pacchetto suddivide i dati in piccoli pezzi in modo da poterli processare velocemente senza bloccare la comunicazione. Entro la fine del 1970 il sesto, settimo, l’ottavo e il nono nodo vengono collegati.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ridfBO1V7Q82a0soZuo4r1RkpTsPUJjsk22BPfkVeb2bi4pXygGSxcU5vMMqfgL4Co3aUqKB2v1Wqop218hBemQlN6I4JJqaL2dlMjstd0fP_ZZyQ6Eu-ll-xLQXp5mrbpKrKoHV3bkA/s1600/G70Dec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="967" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ridfBO1V7Q82a0soZuo4r1RkpTsPUJjsk22BPfkVeb2bi4pXygGSxcU5vMMqfgL4Co3aUqKB2v1Wqop218hBemQlN6I4JJqaL2dlMjstd0fP_ZZyQ6Eu-ll-xLQXp5mrbpKrKoHV3bkA/s640/G70Dec.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_107" style="width: 977px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-107">
Arpanet nel 1970</div>
</div>
<strong>1971</strong><br />
<strong>BBN</strong> modifica e semplifica la progettazione <strong>IMP</strong> in modo che possa essere spostato in una piattaforma più leggera e sviluppa anche una nuova piattaforma, chiamata <strong>Processor Interface Terminal</strong> (<strong>TIP</strong>) che è in grado di supportare input da host multipli o terminali.<br />
Alla fine dell’anno ARPANET è di <em>19 nod</em>i e la comunicazione avviene tramite gli standard NCT e FTP ed è in grado di connettere <em>23 computer</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg935urRW3OF-EKg5faeqNSQDu6MAh5JE3buC3_1QbR6aJYt4HvPy77VmGJPv2gqgzFRY9VfAVt9EFF09-PtCZVg4olT7pkcpDrASNwr-freXGjmAULcFI6j1XQejUcKgXqgnwyg3w4I2ag/s1600/tip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="310" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg935urRW3OF-EKg5faeqNSQDu6MAh5JE3buC3_1QbR6aJYt4HvPy77VmGJPv2gqgzFRY9VfAVt9EFF09-PtCZVg4olT7pkcpDrASNwr-freXGjmAULcFI6j1XQejUcKgXqgnwyg3w4I2ag/s640/tip.jpg" width="458" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_139" style="width: 320px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-139">
Il TIP della BBN</div>
</div>
<br />
<strong>1972-1973</strong><br />
La necessità degli sviluppatori di ARPANET di coordinarsi tra loro, porta allo sviluppo di un software per inviare email.<br />
Il segno <strong>@</strong> per dividere il nome dell’utente da quello della macchina viene introdotto da <strong>Ray Tomlinson</strong> ( <a href="http://museodelweb.it/e-mail/">Vedi un approfondimento qui</a>).<br />
Il DARPA propone un programma che faccia comunicare più computer in rete grazie a molteplici networks collegati. Presso l’Università delle Hawaii, <strong>Norm Abramson</strong> collega sette computer su quattro isole, e una connessione satellitare consente il collegamento a due siti stranieri in Norvegia e Regno Unito.<br />
<strong>Robert Kahn</strong> si sposta da BBN a DARPA e con <strong>Vinton Cerf</strong>, della Stanford University istituisce il <strong>TCP/IP</strong> ( <em>Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol</em> ), necessario per la comunicazione tra reti di computer.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga1r5idc6U5iZUus2NNQbq0K6tfSUvE2IxN7EBDnf-P7mcCO_3L-xMVOtT-nSZOO5ehpp3JBVX6Cp9q873Mw7_jjUr0QOVf1ecuhGscWPgU0nnIIf6CMsY3RLJZNxW1v6tJx7r4CWT0sjx/s1600/G73Sep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1200" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga1r5idc6U5iZUus2NNQbq0K6tfSUvE2IxN7EBDnf-P7mcCO_3L-xMVOtT-nSZOO5ehpp3JBVX6Cp9q873Mw7_jjUr0QOVf1ecuhGscWPgU0nnIIf6CMsY3RLJZNxW1v6tJx7r4CWT0sjx/s640/G73Sep.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_108" style="width: 1210px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-108">
ARPAnet nel 1973</div>
</div>
<br />
<strong>1975</strong><br />
L’ARPANET viene trasferito al DARPA (Defense Communications Agency)<br />
I nodi ora sono 61.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglEbaAD-BvfEgWqZKyOzwmWZmOA_Alq9US8-MD-kRapkq08W5K4tbKHjBXdPBGU_PZSP297PuXJ3mDm6I4Pc0FLuPkW1QjcnBKJxzMLvNuOIfdAaCwEgIjS7BVyplpU4s8riAqCKYfyfRl/s1600/G82Feb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="891" data-original-width="1513" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglEbaAD-BvfEgWqZKyOzwmWZmOA_Alq9US8-MD-kRapkq08W5K4tbKHjBXdPBGU_PZSP297PuXJ3mDm6I4Pc0FLuPkW1QjcnBKJxzMLvNuOIfdAaCwEgIjS7BVyplpU4s8riAqCKYfyfRl/s640/G82Feb.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_109" style="width: 1523px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-109">
ARPAnet nel 1982<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWzu9n_tAK15csPzo6eaCv7I5ZxKVqcbiO8Rttd2GPce0R_EEgKh4G9u_6x2fi8u91zEMKzZOUpngTVr3mXaIQyDQ_SWNVQn6mvuYgbEqST08Vcetsn0dZ8R5pXz3IstBgzGix5Ctevmt/s1600/1000px-Arpanet_1974.svg_.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1000" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWzu9n_tAK15csPzo6eaCv7I5ZxKVqcbiO8Rttd2GPce0R_EEgKh4G9u_6x2fi8u91zEMKzZOUpngTVr3mXaIQyDQ_SWNVQn6mvuYgbEqST08Vcetsn0dZ8R5pXz3IstBgzGix5Ctevmt/s640/1000px-Arpanet_1974.svg_.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-14265246081872580831970-05-23T14:13:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:14:04.701-07:00PDP-8<strong>1965</strong>: La <em>Digital Equipment Corporation</em> (<strong>DEC)</strong> presenta il <strong>PDP-8</strong>, il primo minicomputer di successo commerciale. Abbastanza piccolo da stare su una scrivania, si vende per $ 18,000 – un quinto del costo di un IBM/360 mainframe di fascia bassa. La combinazione di velocità, le dimensioni e il costo consente la creazione del minicomputer in migliaia di impianti di produzione, uffici e laboratori scientifici.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Q95uZ83UVosm9yRNMGuWuZ0RHVMtvmHN5aiwae6PL5oKvUwVEJ7LkifefxMzGgvY5rL2G0Z4rwlbObmGchTlFKMxptHTh93-niUMbxgd7INxo2GgygbFcnSWT9IGs0dncrTnpocSHIKL/s1600/PDP-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="960" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Q95uZ83UVosm9yRNMGuWuZ0RHVMtvmHN5aiwae6PL5oKvUwVEJ7LkifefxMzGgvY5rL2G0Z4rwlbObmGchTlFKMxptHTh93-niUMbxgd7INxo2GgygbFcnSWT9IGs0dncrTnpocSHIKL/s640/PDP-8.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_122" style="width: 586px;">
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-122">
PDP-8 – Photo By Morn (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons</div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-122">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-122">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-122">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLFaNvbG2XuCElt_JFUEiACIEhq0omjGuY-m-kuFmd24lDTnI2z1d5tRG4PJBiPtMGPLZedgBu80yMMMahJtOy_oKndYi32uHRqARqYLyvlD4y-11puVXoTyUV6SOPMaesooZ2Lujd7x8/s1600/PDP-8e_inside_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="576" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLFaNvbG2XuCElt_JFUEiACIEhq0omjGuY-m-kuFmd24lDTnI2z1d5tRG4PJBiPtMGPLZedgBu80yMMMahJtOy_oKndYi32uHRqARqYLyvlD4y-11puVXoTyUV6SOPMaesooZ2Lujd7x8/s640/PDP-8e_inside_2.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-122">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-1692639993969723841970-05-15T14:12:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:12:38.936-07:00Lawrence G. Robert<strong>1963</strong>: <strong>Licklider</strong> inizia la sua collaborazione con <strong>Lawrence G. Roberts </strong> e <strong>Bob Taylor</strong>.<br />
<strong>1965</strong>: A causa dei formati di archiviazione differenti, i computer dell’<strong>ARPA</strong> non sono in grado di scambiare file tra loro in maniera agevole.<br />La prima connessione tra due computer avviene invece grazie a <strong>Lawrence G. Roberts</strong> e <strong>Thomas Merrill</strong> per mezzo di una una <em>linea telefonica a bassa velocità</em>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_54" style="width: 310px;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE03OOAFayjSArrZ8fdcDUpvEYIzIluSXfyHDB1kiCg_K7N1-lu7GIZISC3GQJDkiBCjIcLQPs82Z4OiKafZpNcb_FSgjmFTElwhWvrOpeecbSRoXPKOJY8u9O76RCHTrgACZ0ymGbdDI7/s1600/Larry-Roberts-1970.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE03OOAFayjSArrZ8fdcDUpvEYIzIluSXfyHDB1kiCg_K7N1-lu7GIZISC3GQJDkiBCjIcLQPs82Z4OiKafZpNcb_FSgjmFTElwhWvrOpeecbSRoXPKOJY8u9O76RCHTrgACZ0ymGbdDI7/s640/Larry-Roberts-1970.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-54">
Lawrence G. Roberts 1970</div>
</div>
<strong>1966</strong>: Grazie ad uno stanziamento di <em>un milione di dollari</em> richiesto ed ottenuto dal direttore della divisione informatica dell’ARPA <strong>Bob Taylor,</strong> prende vita il progetto <strong>ARPANET</strong>. <em>Taylor convince Roberts a lasciare il MIT per avviare il programma di rete ARPA</em>.<br />
<strong>1967</strong>: I vari filoni di ricerca convergono; <strong>Roberts</strong> convoca i ricercatori dell’Arpa ad Ann Arbor, nel Michigan e nel mese di ottobre presenta il suo progetto di rete chiamato <strong>Arpanet</strong>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_56" style="width: 505px;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSnxuKkQM_F9mzJH_YpGSrspz8ZvSRJFBl8o7Vx-zfA-fm0yBaKC6wfsJxNboD5N3q_zH5ODyYnBgzMkGaA1UQWrvdYuQS_ZUdvej8jJQFqtd42FI1B-1hNtZCh57MBH-37SmpZXsQ2nav/s1600/Roberts1960.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="495" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSnxuKkQM_F9mzJH_YpGSrspz8ZvSRJFBl8o7Vx-zfA-fm0yBaKC6wfsJxNboD5N3q_zH5ODyYnBgzMkGaA1UQWrvdYuQS_ZUdvej8jJQFqtd42FI1B-1hNtZCh57MBH-37SmpZXsQ2nav/s640/Roberts1960.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-56">
Roberts nel 1960</div>
</div>
<strong>1968</strong>: La squadra di Kleinrock prepara il <em>network measurement system</em> a <strong>UCLA</strong>, che diventerà il luogo del primo nodo.<br />
<br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-49935745696794403241970-05-03T14:09:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:09:53.380-07:00ASCII<strong>1963</strong>: Contemporaneamente si sviluppa <strong>ASCII</strong> (<em>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</em>), il primo standard universale per i computer che permette lo scambio di dati tra macchine di diversi produttori.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwZvC4KAHOpBygfrTutEtoqvXRgivJcdkO8D-N1czlayUHHF6TPa-Mcx_FXk1CIoSvZUfLimhXCg3M1sgmRZ0UHOGmty_QCZce0uxHZ8E9qvK0KfH6bAoKsix5oSx8wr4Z_bmWyKUha_BV/s1600/ASCII_Code_Chart-Quick_ref_card.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1163" data-original-width="1600" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwZvC4KAHOpBygfrTutEtoqvXRgivJcdkO8D-N1czlayUHHF6TPa-Mcx_FXk1CIoSvZUfLimhXCg3M1sgmRZ0UHOGmty_QCZce0uxHZ8E9qvK0KfH6bAoKsix5oSx8wr4Z_bmWyKUha_BV/s640/ASCII_Code_Chart-Quick_ref_card.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
Viene lanciato dalal NASA <strong>Syncom</strong>, il primo satellite di comunicazione sincrona.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_114" style="width: 673px;">
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfLP5rgtZ5xfLxt1EQ9hYPK69_cr2MCZRgGdtM-mzh5uHKnD_l15eIzADx6czQldiS1h_q_-mNtAw9jcLh_WdxddUiio4DENcQengY69XAvt2V1_YbrqIbzNpDJcw9A64KlJoI_DD-HTn/s1600/Syncom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="936" data-original-width="663" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnfLP5rgtZ5xfLxt1EQ9hYPK69_cr2MCZRgGdtM-mzh5uHKnD_l15eIzADx6czQldiS1h_q_-mNtAw9jcLh_WdxddUiio4DENcQengY69XAvt2V1_YbrqIbzNpDJcw9A64KlJoI_DD-HTn/s640/Syncom.jpg" width="452" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-114">
By NASA (NSSDC Master Catalog) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-58978094175632699511970-05-02T14:08:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:08:36.010-07:00Donald Davies<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPgIXKPtELzCt-Jny9eYROJ40g0OwFIxUbryd_wzhq2YS6pU-Ike5lCZzVQzh8exJKB_k7OBicv1T0ipEkmKqki46pgKfFV2BKJGnCEkSgZxUteDN3RxDIjiyKmhzP5kk3FVX_YdHKSep9/s1600/Donald-Davies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1265" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPgIXKPtELzCt-Jny9eYROJ40g0OwFIxUbryd_wzhq2YS6pU-Ike5lCZzVQzh8exJKB_k7OBicv1T0ipEkmKqki46pgKfFV2BKJGnCEkSgZxUteDN3RxDIjiyKmhzP5kk3FVX_YdHKSep9/s640/Donald-Davies.jpg" width="506" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Al National Phisical Laboratory di Londra, <strong>Donald Davies</strong> crea il <strong>packet switching</strong>, un sistema in grado di dividere i messaggi in blocchi che viaggiano in maniera indipendente l’uno dall’altro, ma che si ricompongono quando arrivano a destinazione.<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_100" style="width: 610px;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrrMqT_-SX80hJDgwoR9PnBKMIBryCZMU2tIIEfPvkGwpnuKnRWBBAgFhud35DvHnjQLJlyc7Si7ZOmIbpW-FQZUeDanBeju7T2X-jYv67ZkVVR3QVON91ZMh0tEOeMTgF5FGZRs7aBV9z/s1600/davies-tic-tac-toe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrrMqT_-SX80hJDgwoR9PnBKMIBryCZMU2tIIEfPvkGwpnuKnRWBBAgFhud35DvHnjQLJlyc7Si7ZOmIbpW-FQZUeDanBeju7T2X-jYv67ZkVVR3QVON91ZMh0tEOeMTgF5FGZRs7aBV9z/s640/davies-tic-tac-toe.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100">
Una foto di Davies ricercatore con una macchina che riproduce il gioco Tic-Tac-Toe</div>
</div>
<br />
<strong>Donald Davies</strong> , ha lavorato dal 1947 al National Physical Laboratory ( NPL ) dove Alan Turing ha progettato il Automatic Computing Engine ( ACE )<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_104" style="width: 810px;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxXEv12uwZPCbeqMarUH-0TMzvGsTA6dlAapJCeFGe_k_rlgzJ1QEgMwK-ayh7KM27dJEFVbXOFu-JltUwRWTUyjlh902PWj-N3DvvrrEqrMScXkEmXI103rv8QrHh1pkUfbsThRJDWvzR/s1600/PilotACETeam_JamesWilkinson_DonaldDavies_R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="800" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxXEv12uwZPCbeqMarUH-0TMzvGsTA6dlAapJCeFGe_k_rlgzJ1QEgMwK-ayh7KM27dJEFVbXOFu-JltUwRWTUyjlh902PWj-N3DvvrrEqrMScXkEmXI103rv8QrHh1pkUfbsThRJDWvzR/s640/PilotACETeam_JamesWilkinson_DonaldDavies_R.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-104">
Donald Davies è l’ultimo a destra</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlqrHUif47zAX4eJEAdVoq8FbomQIU9x7Z-Abv6KT_1llS-8FQ_bXICOAvPLAemg-fsmB6utNbsb7i_b6SR171AmQskofofmEtFJ17DxIEnSl3C0DQvwi2hhtuMs86EsTAx96JlxWvbKrJ/s1600/early-inet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="550" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlqrHUif47zAX4eJEAdVoq8FbomQIU9x7Z-Abv6KT_1llS-8FQ_bXICOAvPLAemg-fsmB6utNbsb7i_b6SR171AmQskofofmEtFJ17DxIEnSl3C0DQvwi2hhtuMs86EsTAx96JlxWvbKrJ/s640/early-inet.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-25138456329994435091970-05-01T14:10:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:11:00.756-07:00IBM 3601964: <strong>Licklid</strong>er lascia l’ARPA per tornare al <strong>MIT</strong>; parallelamente la <strong>RAND <em>Corporation</em></strong> e il <strong><em>National</em><em> Physical Laboratory</em></strong> in Gran Bretagna portano avanti progetti analoghi con <strong>Paul Baran</strong>, <strong>Donald Davies</strong> e <strong>Leonard Kleinrock</strong>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiACw91gj513pIrxXkRO52yccIvAQxGsE_A-RAdrVOWR8x75tIzb8uq3fk6JFXQ1DUv1medIJ_64UzUVoF285eSNTxV9q1EMO959V4OhG1NpJP3hPf5YX-xK6_XC4AxDM3eDhAW2dJrelwM/s1600/IBM_System_360_at_USDA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="1024" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiACw91gj513pIrxXkRO52yccIvAQxGsE_A-RAdrVOWR8x75tIzb8uq3fk6JFXQ1DUv1medIJ_64UzUVoF285eSNTxV9q1EMO959V4OhG1NpJP3hPf5YX-xK6_XC4AxDM3eDhAW2dJrelwM/s640/IBM_System_360_at_USDA.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Il nuovo<strong> IBM 360</strong> viene immesso sul mercato e il sistema di prenotazione di viaggi aerei di IBM per <strong>American Airlines SABRE</strong> (<em>Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment</em>), collega 2.000 terminali in sessanta città diverse tramite le linee telefoniche.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-53841462693035065051970-05-01T14:01:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:01:42.356-07:00IILLIAC IV<strong>IILLIAC IV</strong>, il più grande supercomputer del suo tempo, è in costruzione presso Burroughs nell’ambito di un contratto della NASA. Sarà poi agganciato all’<strong>ARPANET</strong>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnSZ3b4TA5El2-h23dVJTxt80mcEO44K2groQIStv5i0nKaEFKbH9iJL5At_VHH5ZqbyNlt351CHW3o1XQChdxZq_eEYEz0YBYOasIJdh4qMxDntsxhqePdifYMq4pCGcekjl1UypCSY3/s1600/748px-ILLIAC_4_parallel_computer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="748" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnSZ3b4TA5El2-h23dVJTxt80mcEO44K2groQIStv5i0nKaEFKbH9iJL5At_VHH5ZqbyNlt351CHW3o1XQChdxZq_eEYEz0YBYOasIJdh4qMxDntsxhqePdifYMq4pCGcekjl1UypCSY3/s640/748px-ILLIAC_4_parallel_computer.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-5888346036258970281970-04-30T14:02:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:02:49.147-07:00Paul Baran1959: Paul Baran viene incaricato dalla Rand Corporation di cercare una modalità di comunicazione del suono valida anche in caso di attacco nucleare.<br />Il ricercatore del MIT (Massachussets Institut of Technology), scrive un trattato in cui ipotizza un sistema di comunicazione che si fonda sul circuito ad inserimento.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3xPn4Xmvdm4wMb5NHzbwLKyfsBhKP8LEzo0xwLTk1vGFc_0vo4FfZcb4tuX1-DSFa6iOKjS0b54Njg1eWOOENMaQ_kuNjYxBonr2QlZpaCv97AOq4sk_94yr7bBXdA7uxDiY0DA9PxiO/s1600/Paul-Baran.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1146" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3xPn4Xmvdm4wMb5NHzbwLKyfsBhKP8LEzo0xwLTk1vGFc_0vo4FfZcb4tuX1-DSFa6iOKjS0b54Njg1eWOOENMaQ_kuNjYxBonr2QlZpaCv97AOq4sk_94yr7bBXdA7uxDiY0DA9PxiO/s320/Paul-Baran.jpeg" width="223" /></a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-1772780705547282321970-04-27T14:03:00.000-07:002020-05-01T14:03:59.379-07:00 J.C.R. Licklider <b>1960</b>: J.C.R. Licklider scrive “Simbiosi Uomo-Computer”, nel quale espone l’idea di collegare in rete più computer. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguf9uTwW6cJWdRoV4sgGNpu5GWPIDEPqK3-juG4HfzrLGx0y3Mg1JdFvDZfiF04dGXqoTxvR8vRLquyByNnG5-CdoEeYRxnwwiqkcDfIqYBO8Jv0cmvDH9s8KoPeykeVHDQV4_EPvH_hrG/s1600/Joseph-Licklider.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguf9uTwW6cJWdRoV4sgGNpu5GWPIDEPqK3-juG4HfzrLGx0y3Mg1JdFvDZfiF04dGXqoTxvR8vRLquyByNnG5-CdoEeYRxnwwiqkcDfIqYBO8Jv0cmvDH9s8KoPeykeVHDQV4_EPvH_hrG/s640/Joseph-Licklider.jpg" width="512" /></a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6995278072476664367.post-30934368499002860031970-01-01T00:01:00.000-08:002020-05-01T14:06:21.427-07:00ARPANel <strong>1957 </strong> l’Unione Sovietica batte sul tempo gli Stati Uniti d’America e il 4 ottobre lancia nell’orbita terrestre lo <strong>Sputnik 1</strong>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_153" style="width: 442px;">
<br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-153">
Sputnik1</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif-SpOUG9x07gCR_Q5CRNmNaRMSlQJcAznW-W9V0Y7sILoSZ8jRJviqSSvzOPafEUWy8cHRdoeMIIzlCcgwZeiXVU8JeIGnf59U45Rf6LHYqlHrmVNLDXssFVzyau8McbjHVICdr94znmE/s1600/Sputnik1_exploded_view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="432" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif-SpOUG9x07gCR_Q5CRNmNaRMSlQJcAznW-W9V0Y7sILoSZ8jRJviqSSvzOPafEUWy8cHRdoeMIIzlCcgwZeiXVU8JeIGnf59U45Rf6LHYqlHrmVNLDXssFVzyau8McbjHVICdr94znmE/s640/Sputnik1_exploded_view.jpg" width="456" /></a></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-153">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-153">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-153">
<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-153">
<br /></div>
</div>
Gli U.S.A., spinti dalla necessità di proteggersi dai progressi tecnologici degli avversari, progettano la creazione dell’<strong>ARPA</strong> (<em>Advanced Research Projects Agency</em>) per incentivare la ricerca nel campo della tecnologia allo scopo di poter difendere il paese da eventuali attacchi nemici.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyDo3nxUKudWSP6xfq0B_60ufgrNocMOnTxrZ4_IHH-wveXCjHQMrTLWNmgDVz1leDkKZ0hhZHD6mPlO5C18cKgAzsrvemHw-Ma4bZdkMQdg4dzd1Dd-ftCfsK1jRx_bTcB5KNjJxNTCoX/s1600/DARPA_Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1600" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyDo3nxUKudWSP6xfq0B_60ufgrNocMOnTxrZ4_IHH-wveXCjHQMrTLWNmgDVz1leDkKZ0hhZHD6mPlO5C18cKgAzsrvemHw-Ma4bZdkMQdg4dzd1Dd-ftCfsK1jRx_bTcB5KNjJxNTCoX/s400/DARPA_Logo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Nel 1958 La costituzione dell’ARPA viene approvata dal congresso degli Stati Uniti d’America e <strong>Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider</strong> viene scelto per dirigerne il progetto di ricerca.<br />
ARPA è stata rinominata “DARPA” nel marzo 1972 , poi ribattezzato “ARPA” nel febbraio 1993 , per poi tornare ancora “DARPA” nel marzo 1996.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0